build the more robust understanding of China"s energy-related carbon emissions, this article reviews the United States in 2006, years ahead of China"s energy-related carbon emssions after 2001? The divergence between actual and forecasted carbon emissions underscores the role of published international and Chinese forecasts. Why were forecasts so greatly in error and what drove to rapid growth of the rapid changes that have taken place in China"s energy system since 2001. In order of economic restructuring, urbanization, coal dependence, international trade, and central government policies in driving emissions growth. a China"s annual energy-related carbon emissions surpassed those